Love in Kamala Das’s Poetry Essay

Love and sex in her verse become a worldview for cracked real factors experienced by the poetess. Basically she represents a lady who is looking for affection. She challenges the general concept of phallocentric custom and states in a great many sonnets that the inferior can talk. Post expansionism comprises fundamentally in the contestation of intensity structures and social progressive systems. For Kamala Das a woman’s dilemma as a little girl , a spouse, or a sweetheart mirrors an exploitation seeing someone. Kamala Das rebels against a developed idea of relationship. Ladies are not the self-sacrficial model of uprightness or wantonness. The up to this point premises of male authority are viciously shaken by Kamala Das who can resist the traditional ideological talk of sexism and love. She herself turned into a survivor of a youthful man’s lewd appetite . In ‘The Freaks’, an amazing verse which was distributed in Summer in Calcutta contains an image of affection that is brimming with earth and rottenness as the man tucked away in sex turned his ‘sun-recolored/Cheek to me , his mouth , a dim/Cavern, where stalacities of/Uneven teeth glimmer , his privilege/Hand on my knee, while our psyches/Are willed to race towards adoration ;/But they just meander, stumbling/Idly over puddles of desire† . The emphasis on the ‘puddles of desire’ alludes to her unfulfilled sexual want as her heart remains ‘ a void cistern’. Kamala Das depicts in ‘The Freaks’a man and a lady persona are portrayed as impulsively and capriciously acting in surprising way. The sonnet praises the disposition of fleeting triumph over the thrashing of adoration : My glass , like a bride’s Nervous grin , and meet My lips. Dear , pardon This moment’s calm in Wanting you, the haze In memory. Somewhere else in the sonnet Kamala Das portrays the feeling : The April sun , crushed Like an orange in My glass? I taste the Fire , I drink,and drink Again, I am flushed. We get a strong verbal show in the articulation. The realistic subtleties of drinking and the April heat. The sonnet centers around the intrinsic lack of involvement of the male accomplice but it closes with the declaration : â€Å"I am freak†. This is the character emergency of an Indian lady who neglects to parade ‘ a fabulous ostentatious lust’ regardless of the disappointment. Here the poetess feature the thought of fervency and rashness with which the writer appropriates and disguises the jargon for mapping out the territory for the post provincial ladies in social terms. She makes sure about the main critical advance toward the blast of the legend of male incomparability proliferated by male controlled society. This is in itself consequently assumes the attention to a mutual destiny of bad form. In The coercion of Women John Stuart Mill contends that the standard of bondage in marriage is a tremendous direct opposite to all the standards of the cutting edge world. For Mill the most freeing viewpoint is that people are not, at this point destined to their place throughout everyday life. Kamala Das has appeared and is uproarious in savagely demonstrating that to be conceived as a lady is to lose the ability to rise above that place in life previously controlled by male centric society. Here Kamala Das chooses to engage herself as a lady. In ‘Forest Fire’ the poetess minces no word in recording her intrinsic want to devour a wide range of encounters in this world: recently I have started to feel an appetite To take in with covetousness , like a woodland fire that Consumes , and, with each executing increases a more out of control Brighter charm,all that comes my direction. A little later the wrath of interests gets the majority of her : My eyes lick at you like blazes , my nerves Consume. This isn't a refusal to recognize the principles of valorization in manly terms. We experience in these lines standards of offenses in the talk, the female assuming the male job . The perusers are all the more straightforwardly taken into a woman’s journey for personality when the poetess can say in ‘The Looking Glass’ : Getting a man to cherish you is simple Only speak the truth about your needs as Woman. Kamala Das doesn't portray how man cherishes a lady, she is progressively keen on telling how a lady can get the adoration for a man: Stand naked before the glass with him So that he sees himself the more grounded one And trusts it along these lines, and you quite a lot more Softer , more youthful, lovelier†¦. Concede your Admiration. This isn't encourage for female authority however the mission for character in a female psyche. Giving up is a picture in the verse of Kamala Das : Gift him what makes you lady The lady here realizes that she will be disregarded if the sweetheart spurns her. A licentious lady infrequently succeeds. Getting a man to cherish is simple however a while later without the man it is a living without life. Joan Chittister composes : In the end ladies like different minorities who have been instructed their characteristic constraints by the prevailing society where they live, turn their displeasure against themselves†¦They realize that ladies can not do what men can do, and they hate and reprove and censure any lady who attempts to do it. They become the instruments of the framework, its ideal item, its most significant accomplishment. 156) Simultaneously, in a sonnet like ‘My Grandmother’s House’ distributed in Summer in Calcutta , there is a note of sentimentality in the portrayal of the lighthearted long stretches of youth : â€Å" There is a house now far away where once/I got love †¦. That lady died†. In this sonnet the poet ess felt â€Å" My blood turned virus like the moon†. The moon is a sentimental picture. Be that as it may, Kamala Das utilized it so practically to uncover her messed up heart and lost love. Room entryway resembles ‘a agonizing dog’. The poetess peers through ‘ daze eyes of windows’. The polyphonic content about personalities with the self-portraying voice increase itself into heap selves. K. R. S Iyengar portrays some of Kamala Das’s sonnets as ‘confessional’. Devinder Kohli calls her sonnets â€Å" real to life and clever bit of self-revelation’ In the admission, Kamala Das piercingly attempts to ride the two universes †the mystery universe of her craving and the world characterized by the male chauvinists. Be that as it may, she is left with no alternative yet to fit in with the generalization of the sexual â€patriarchal man in any event, when it traces a command of a general public that severely dislikes any test originating from the females. The poetess attempts to arrange sexual distinction, yet the significance lies rather in the way it features male pettiness in a male centric belief system building examples of focused practices commending them as typical. People in this journey of personality mingled themselves into a locus of job explicitness which on account of a female upsets the directions. It is the emergency of the job that supports the split between the job the character plays in Kamala Das’ sonnets. ‘Spoiling the Name’ presents successfully one of Kamala Das’ focal bits of knowledge, as Devinder Kohli brings up , the responsibility of her wonderful self to encounter. The murmurs are ‘metallic’ , appendages are twisted at the ‘touch of air’ (‘A Relationship’)and ‘nudity on sheets of weeklies’( ‘Loud Posters’ ). Kamala Das ridicules her ‘feminine integrity’ ( Sarkar Jaydip:84) when she finds in a despicably vulnerable circumstance as in ‘The Freaks’ with the sweetheart whose mouth is a dim Cavern where stalacities of Uneven teeth sparkle It isn't that the disruption is obvious all over the place. Ladies additionally float from trying to be transgressive social operators to artitculating their quieted narratives, at long last facing up reality that they had to stifle. In the sonnet ‘Love’ there is a ‘celebration of satisfaction and happiness in adoration â€Å" My life lies, content/in you† (Sarkar Jaydip: 86). The poetess was focused on the arousing scene , valid, yet in her life accomplice she attempted to accomplish the common character . She looked for a real existence decorating power of affection which may be likened with physical relationship. Sterility and empty happiness were all that Kamala Das loathed and in this she had her bafflement. Love that is extra conjugal was not Kamala Das’ anxiety , rather her internal identity made for herself a minuscule world where the injury of adoration and marriage were far off cries, scarcely knew about. In the ‘Sunshine Cat’she portrayed the image of ‘a cold and half dead woman’ who was of no utilization to her. The feline may be her own ladylike self too. In ‘Winter’ , the festival of sex was a theme,but it was progressively a frantic endeavor of her spirit for grabbing for establishes in his body(Sarkar Jaydip: 85). As an artist of female reasonableness she challenges limitations of society , and at the same time she shakes off the unbending sexual orientation jobs , assurance activated by situational factors. In 1948, Alfred Kinsey distributed Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in which sexual direction was set on ‘a graduated continuum’ ( Kinsey: 638). Kinsey upheld a re-examination of the treatment dispensed to strange creatures by method of disengagement and restoration. The bad faith dormant in marriage is because of cultural weights. In many events , the casualties in such marriage of accommodation is simply the spouse, that Kamala was and who needed to communicate the harsh anguish of her own life. In this way from one perspective, the sonnets of Kamala Das are representations of her own torments, and yet they are the disparaging observations arousing the attending antagonism into a thought process in further investigation of female mind. The phenomenally confession booth sonnet ‘The Old Playhouse’ uncovers this distress of the brain of the poetess: It was not to assemble Knowledge Of one more man that I came to you yet to Learn What I was and by figuring out how to figure out how to develop †¦(K. S. Ramamurti:151) Thi

Instructions to Art Faculty for Completing the Out Essays

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Personal Life and Success Essay

When do you stop when you have accomplished achievement? This is a million dollar question that has contemplated through the psyches of people for a very long time. Achievement is seen distinctively in each person. However, what assessment is right? What is the ideal recipe for an effective life? Does achievement comprise of the measure of cash you gain or power or is achievement dependent on bliss? To make extreme progress, is happiness indispensable? These are the issues that make the word â€Å"success† so emotional. What is the right meaning of achievement? In the word reference it expresses that it is the achievement of a point or reason. Contingent upon your own motivation throughout everyday life, achievement is accomplished at various levels. Everybody has an alternate reason in life that they might want to accomplish. Hence, who figures out what achievement implies depends on their objectives throughout everyday life. Cash or prominence might be someone’s reason so they would characterize that as progress. Despite what might be expected, does carrying on with your life regularly without any second thoughts or not stressing over cash make you a fruitful individual? When do we realize when to stop when achievement is at long last accomplished? Do you quit working for progress when you have all the cash on the planet or do you stop when you are alright with your way of life? Specific individuals accept achievement is the point at which you are content with the existence you live, not stressing over cash or the regular battles of life. Others may finish up progress depends on your salary or how decent of a car you drive. It depends what you see as a fulfilled way of life. Lamentably our general public spins and depends on cash. In spite of the fact that that sounds negating, cash assumes an extraordinary job in everyone’s lives. So as to help a family and own a house, money is crucial. We live in a general public where cash controls all. Without an OK work and a consistent salary, satisfaction appears to be so removed in the cutting edge American life. We think getting training and gaining a compensation will bring joy and bliss. I am not saying cash is the way to progress yet it’s an establishment in our cutting edge society. My dad is an extraordinary case of how achievement is seen diversely in every individual. He was a man who never headed off to college however was decide to be effective. He buckled down since he was in secondary school and now works for Boat and Motors Superstore where he deals with his own vessel parts office. My dad adores working with vessels and cherishes his family. If you somehow happened to ask him, his life has been effective. My dad estimates accomplishment with how much satisfaction is brought to his life all the time. A safe activity and a caring family satisfy his objective which at last makes him an effective individual in his eyes. He doesn't concentrate on whether he has a higher salary than others, my father’s man concern is security and bliss of himself and his family which is a quality that I love also. The manner in which I decipher achievement might be exceptional however I accept satisfaction will be available. My point of view of being effective takes after my father’s objectives throughout everyday life. I may not be well off or celebrated using any and all means however in the event that I can keep up a steady activity and a sound family I would see myself as the best individual on the planet. Since the word achievement is a greater amount of a supposition based definition, the best way to quantify achievement is on the off chance that you are content with the reason you set in life that you couldn't want anything more than to accomplish. As it were, on the off chance that you are content with the individual and life that is presented to you today, at that point you have discovered achievement. What is achievement is an inquiry from an earlier time and will keep on being the subject of things to come. I accept there will never be one acknowledged answer. In the event that that answer is ever found, if you don't mind don't hesitate to advise me. Be that as it may, when thinking back on your life that you lived, inquire as to whether you were upbeat. On the off chance that you were, I sincerely trust you will feel fruitful. I figure achievement doesn't generally mean satisfaction, however bliss consistently implies achievement. I might be incorrect towards the grouping of the word achievement, yet a feeling is neither right nor wrong. I trust one day we can get ourselves fruitful and see whether satisfaction trails alongside it.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

An Inspector Calls Talk about the character of Sheila in â€Å"An Inspector Calls† Sheila Birling is the little girl of Mr Arthur Birling and Mrs Sybil Birling. She has a more youthful sibling called Eric Birling. Sheila is in her mid twenties and is in a high social class. Anyway they are supposed to be â€Å"nouveux rishe† in light of the fact that her dad wasn’t naturally introduced to a rich family, he made his own specific manner through life to be were he is. This, as it were, legitimizes the demeanor and habits his youngsters and himself. What I mean by this is he hasnt got the sophisted jargon we would expect a man in his position would have. Sheila what's more, Eric likewise appear to have this absence of â€Å"manners† and sophistecated jargon. â€Å"Dont be an ass† Sheila says this to Eric at the table. As should be obvious this is all in all a present day jargon and not legitimate of a rich family.This contrasts grately with the conduct and vacabulary of her mom. Sheila shows herself as a naive young lady. She is willing to acknowledge new thoughts and ideas. She has a legit and appealing character and shows a serious unexpected character in comparison to that of her guardians. She isn't so â€Å"cold-blooded†. This makes her ready to change her disposition as the play advances. I think Sheila speaks to two of the dangerous sins. She speaks to envy in the shop where she went to purchase the dress. She begrudged the way Eva glanced in the dress. She likewise speaks to fierceness (extraordinary resentment).. Sh speaks to this for the most part in her conduct at Milwards. Sheila, before the assessor comes, is juvenile and very naã ¯ve also.. She appears to express rather youthful things particularly to Eric utilizing slang expressions, for example, â€Å"You’re squiffy†. This shows her little awareness towards the force Gerald has over her. She doesn’t appear to understand that she is utilizing slang jargon infront of her fiancã © which has a place with a high status family. From the get-go in the play she demonstrates herself to be an extremely needy young lady, seeking her folks for most choices that should be made. Her union with Gerald was a marriage of organizations, just as adoration. I question Sheila saw this at that point, or simply overlooked this reality. Sheila is likewise a significant spoilt young lady since she has all that she needs. This is appeared in her disposition in Milwards. Here she shows that she depends on others and thinks about the lower classes. I think Religious decides to speak to her like this from the start with the goal that we can understand the huge change she makes as the play advances.

Josiah Wedgwood's Pottery Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Josiah Wedgwood's Pottery - Case Study Example This exposition pronounces that Wedgwood comprehended that all together for his products to turn out to be progressively alluring they would should be more than impeccably delivered. They required a lift in status. Wedgwood felt they expected to rise above the general conclusion that all ceramic was substandard compared to porcelain. This was critical if his creamware was to pick up ubiquity, and above all, bring the high porcelain costs he sought after.  To accomplish this, Wedgwood adopted a one of a kind strategy: he effectively searched out regal patronage.â Before Wedgwood, Staffordshire potters had utilized their societal position and cash to advance their products, yet Wedgwood utilized his expertise and the high caliber of his products to advance its economic wellbeing, and his. Wedgwood’s set of â€Å"tea things† for Queen Charlotte was a triumph and simply the lift in status his products needed.â For England, not at all like on the Continent, this was the primary regal commission of nearby pottery, and it was a significant endorsement. This paper stresses that Wedgwood had the premonition to foresee that the commission would present to him the amazing selling device of prestige.â Although Wedgwood was certain that he should take the commission, he was worried about whether he could effectively execute it. Of specific worry for Wedgwood was the plating. Wedgwood counseled different potters, and inevitably idealized an overlaying technique utilizing powdered gold. Wedgwood’s final result was a triumph and the Queen was satisfied to such an extent that she consented to rename Wedgwood’s creamware â€Å"Queensware.†... ctives, Wedgwood framed a gathering of council trustees to help with contributing with street enhancements as well as with trench developments also, on the grounds that the last was progressively proficient type of transport. In the long run, Wedgwood triumphed and the trench was worked in the way of his new domain. The Trent and Mersey Canal was to turn into the fundamental conduit of the Grand Trunk Canal, which would have an expansion prompting London. Wedgwood's transportation improvement objectives turned into a reality. Wedgwood comprehended that all together for his products to turn out to be increasingly attractive they would should be more than superbly created. They required a lift in status. Wedgwood felt they expected to rise above the general conclusion that all ceramic was substandard compared to porcelain. This was vital if his creamware was to pick up notoriety, and in particular, get the high porcelain costs he sought after. To accomplish this, Wedgwood adopted a one of a kind strategy: he effectively searched out illustrious support. Prior to Wedgwood, Staffordshire potters had utilized their societal position and cash to advance their products, yet Wedgwood utilized his aptitude and the high caliber of his products to advance its economic wellbeing, and his. Wedgwood's arrangement of tea things for Queen Charlotte was a triumph and simply the lift in status his products required. For England, not at all like on the Continent, this was the main imperial commission of nearby earthenware p roduction, and it was a significant support. Wedgwood was offered the commission either, as he communicated in a letter to his sibling ... since no one else would attempt it... or maybe in light of the fact that the principal potter had fizzled (Reilly, I, 200). Whichever was the situation, Wedgwood had the foreknowledge to anticipate that the commission would present to him the amazing selling apparatus of distinction. In spite of the fact that Wedgwood was sure that he ought to

500 Days of Summer

500 Days of Summer [a brief hiatus from the baby bloggers intro posts dont worry, there are more to come!] The title of this post is obviously a lie. There aren’t 500 days of summer, but I was too lazy to count how many there actually are. Also, summer is sort of nebulously defined for me as an MIT student, because I’m not really sure where it started and where it ends. Did it start on the last day of finals and does it end on the first day of REX/Rush? The last day of REX/Rush? Reg day? I have no idea. But I do really like the movie 500 Days of Summer, so bear with me here. This summer has been really fun. I really wanted to stay in Cambridge this year and was initially super excited because a lot of my friends were living with me in East Campus over the summer as well. But the first two weeks of work dampened my spirits a bit; working 9-5 takes out a big chunk of your day and really tires you out. After a while, I started getting used to it, and utilized the remaining 8 hours of my day in the best ways I could! I also put a decent amount of time aside for having a lot of fun here’s a large subset of all the good memories I have from this summer, not necessarily in chronological order. July 24th: Shakespeare in the Park  Every summer, the Commonwealth Shakespeare Company puts on performances of Shakespeare plays in the Boston Common that you can watch for free! This summer, the play of choice was Richard III, and it was absolutely amazing. The actors were phenomenal, and it set the bar high for all the Shakespeare plays I’ll watch in the future. June 15th: Skywalk (top of the Prudential) I went on a nice date here :) but I’d recommend it to anybody who wants a nice view of Boston, and I’d also recommend going right about the sun is about to set. Youll get some really lovely views which my phone camera could not do justice. Go check it out for yourself! My phone did its best :P July 3rd, late night: Crane Beach!  This was probably the most fun thing I’ve done all summer and I wish I had more good pictures of it, but a. It was really dark and b. Reasons. Anyways, I highly recommend Crane Beach to anybody who hasn’t been the stars are beautiful at night and there are also bioluminescent plankton! I also brought my guitar along and we all had a campfire sing-a-long under the stars. This is one of those things that I’m pretty sure I’ll remember for the rest of my life sitting on the beach at 3 am, surrounded by friends, singing loudly for the night sky to hear. The sun peaking its head up on the horizon around 4 am May 29th June 2nd: Maine! I took a nice trip to Maine with Somebody Really Cool :) A nice spot on the Kancamagus Highway its a scenic drive up in northern New Hampshire and perfect for a day trip from Boston! July 4th: Green Building fireworks: One of my hallmates is an officer for the MIT Radio Society, and a lot of their equipment is located at the top of the Green Building, so he has access to the roof, which is an uncommon and coveted privilege. The Green Building roof also provides a spectacular view of the Boston fireworks show on Independence Day every year. He very kindly offered to take myself and some other friends up to the roof for fireworks, and these pictures should speak for themselves. Fireworks with the Boston skyline in the background! Take a look at that VIEW Construction, Rush, and REX: This went by in a whirlwind, but what I took away from it was a noticeably heightened knowledge of power tools and construction. I’m not handy in the slightest, but at least now, I can use a screwdriver without stripping the screw and use a chopsaw without being terrified. If you were wondering: yes, that is a whole ass bridge and that is a whole ass 3-story fort that I helped out with!! June 9th: Boston Pride This was my first pride parade! I went in not really sure what to expect, but what I got was a wonderful celebration of LGBTQ people and culture, and I’m really glad that I went. So many rainbows! July 28th July 29th: Camden Hills State Park My friend and I basically decided to go on a camping trip at the beginning of the week and spent the entire week bugging other people to go with us. We were successful and had a lovely time at Camden Hills, which has some pretty nice hikes and great views.   An artsy picture of us staring into the fog that swamped us at the overlook August 11th: Six Flags! The MIT Graduate Student Council has an event where they make Six Flags tickets half off for a day pass. I somehow got wind of this and went with my friend from work, and wound up being the only undergraduate on the trip. It was rainy enough on that day that a lot of people cancelled their plans for that day, so we got into all the rides we wanted to with very little wait. Trivia, literally so many times: The Friendly Toast, a restaurant 10 minutes away from East Campus, has a trivia night every Tuesday that I obsessively frequent. I think I went five or six times this summer, with different groups of people each time. We never managed to make it past fourth place in all those times, but hopefully the school year will sharpen our brainsor something. Members of my a cappella group and my best friend from high school turning up to trivia Im finishing up this post on the first day of the first full week of classes, and looking back on all the things I did this summer, I can very confidently say that I had a lot of fun. I do have a few regrets I could have worked out more, finished some more Unity projects, and read more of Artins  Algebra   but overall, I had a great time. Its a little weird that Im already thinking about next summer and the jobs that I need to apply to nine months in advance. Should I do a MISTI summer (unpaid) internship or apply to jobs that will give me money? Which of the companies on the career fair list are net-good or net-neutral and do things that interest me? What do I want to do in the ~future~, which is slowly but steadily creeping towards my present? I currently have answers to a round zero of these questions. I imagine that I will soon, and Im looking forward to that time. But I suppose that the best I can do now is hope that all the summers I spend as an MIT student will be just as good, if not better, than this summer was. Post Tagged #boston life #day in life #East Campus

What Is Buddhist Nationalism - Free Essay Example

To better understand the causal relationship of Buddhist nationalism to the oppression of Muslim minorities such as the Rohingya, I will use a qualitative approach with a single-case study; the ideal type of Buddhist Nationalism is demonstrated within the case of Myanmar. As explained in my methods of investigation, the data I examined were mostly secondary sources which entails theoretical articles, newspapers, and books on Myanmar and the Rohingya. I also used primary sources, for instance the Burmese Constitution which was translated in English. A case study is a form of qualitative research, in which it is used to look at individuals, a small group of participants, or a group as whole (CSU Writing 2018). When I have examined Buddhist Nationalism, Myanmar has stood as an applicable case since it offered models of incidents that offered significant evidence of what Buddhist Nationalism defined. Case study research achieves a deep understanding of processes and other concept variables, such as participants self-perception of their own thinking process, intentions and contextual influences (Woodside 2010, 1). Moreover, because Myanmar is selected as the single case in my research, I will be using it as a sort of case research which is referred to as a Building Block study, termed by Alexander George and Andrew Bennett in Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. A Building Block studies particular types or subtypes of a phenomenon identity common patterns or serve a particular kind of heuristic purpose (George and Bennett 2010, 76). Furthermore, the building block method offers a case study new procedures or subtypes which are applicable in the initial case. Ultimately, the building block method can help by creating a complete chart of several trails that connect to a potential result (George and Bennett 2010, 262). The building blocks within this case are segregation, beliefs, and nationalism. As explained by George and Bennett, while running a single-case study, the aim of it is to try and describe an occurrence being an experiential collective, creating no variation w ith the dependent variable (George and Bennett 2010, 77). Because Myanmar is the most obvious case where Buddhist   Nationalism is happening, diversity within the outcome of the cases is not possible in this research.

Air Asia India - Business Report - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1956 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Transport Essay Did you like this example? AirAsia India Team Airasia has its tagline which says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everyone can flyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . They are working harder towards their tagline and Mr. Mittu Chandilya, the new CEO of AirAsia India is making sure that he and his team would go for that extra mile to fulfill the dream of starting the airlines in India. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Air Asia India Business Report" essay for you Create order Mr. Tony Fernandes who is the co-owner of AirAsia is reportedly excited as well as informed about the daily developments of the airlines to be started in India. But is the road really clear as he sees. The competition that Airasia faces from Indigo and Air India is huge. Though it has the tag of low cost airline, would the Indians really prefer Airasia over the other players? , is a big question in front of the big heads involved in the launch. The current economy of India though is not encouraging, but definitely the road for bright future is ahead. Airasia has a history of being successful in most of the Asian countries where the operations are ongoing. Will the Indian market welcomes it in a warm way? Company History: AirAsia is a low cost carrier headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was established in 1994, and started its operations in 1996. The firm was heavily indebted and was bought by Tony Fernandes in 2001, for a price of 1 ringgit. Fernandes turned around t he company, and since 2002; the company has been making profit. In 2004, AirAsia entered the Thai market. By the end of 2006, the company has unveiled a five-year plan of expanding in Asian market. The plan was to enhance and strengthen the route network, along with expanding further into Vietnam, Southern China, Indonesia and China. External environments favoring the entry into South East Asia: The South East Asian market had huge opportunities for the aviation sector. AirAsia banked on these opportunities, and it had a great impact on the success of the company Demography: South-East Asia has a large demography with a good GDP. Financial crisis: the outbreak of financial crisis in 1997 shaped the demand for a low cost carrier in the Asian markets. Liberalization: South Asian countries had liberalized their aviation markets. Geography: the land and sea transport was much developed in the South Asian countries. Hence, low cost airline had huge potential. Increase in number of business travelers: The economies of South Asian countries was growing at very fast pace. On certain routes which connected capital and commercial cities, the number of fliers was increasing. Further, there was a growth in urbanization, thus, an increase in demand. The New Business Model since 2001 (Malaysian markets): In 2001, apart from the regular charter services, the company was operating a pair of leased 737-300s, which were flying between Kuala Lumpur and four other destinations. AirAsia targeted people who had never flown and wanted less expensive and quicker transport. AirAsia commenced its line with the tag line à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Now Everyone Can Flyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[1] The basic strategy adopted by the company was to monitor it costs on a daily basis. The idea was based on the philosophy of former CEO of General Electric, Jack Welch. He said that in old economy price was determined by adding costs and desired profits; but in new economy the profits are determined by deducting costs from the price. The airline believed to have following strengths in its strategy: No frills service and single class The airline offered only a single class i.e. economy class, and there were no frills provided. Thus, the costs of inflight entertainment, airport lounges etc. weà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re not charged. They had no loyalty program. The pricing was done based on expected demand and time of booking. The fare structure was divided into twelve tiers, depending on the time of booking. In addition, the purchased seats were non-refundable, and charge was applied for rescheduling. High utilization and efficiency AirAsia customized the Boeing 737-300. It added 16 additional seats to increase the seat number to 148. It started its operations early around 7 A.M. where normal airlines took around 45-120 minutes for turnaround; it took only 25 minutes to do so. It planned its routes and schedule in such a manner that each carrier was used for 12-13 hours (in comparison to 8 hours industry average). The staff at AirAsia was required to do multitasking, which again helped in reducing the costs.[2] Low fixed costs Through negotiation, AirAsia obtained aircrafts at a lower lease rates. The maintenance contracts costs, airport fees, and insurance fees were also less in comparison to what competitors were paying. A large part of the employees pay was based on his or her performance. Pilots were given incentives to keep flight times and operation times at minimum. Cabin Crew was rewarded for few leaves and punctuality. Engineers were given allowances as recognition of their technical qualifications. AirAsia also improved its efficiency by investing in necessary technology. It took the subscription on yearly basis, rather than going for the purchase of the complete software. Low distribution costs The company did not issue tickets, the seats were sold via internet, mobile phones SMS, sales office etc., this helped in keeping administrative costs in check. Seats sold via internet were discounted in comparison to the seats sold via other mediums. The company did not get away completely with the travel agents. It established a network of its registered and preferred agents known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sky Agentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This facility was a good option for those customers who did not have registered accounts with AirAsia. These agents maintained a pre-paid account, which the customers could use. AirAsia did not give any commission to these agents, however, the agents were free to charge the customers for the service provided. Single type of aircraft AirAsia used only 737-300s for its operations. They even customized it by increasing number of seats by 16. Single type of aircraft reduced the maintenance costs, as spare parts inventory required was lesser. Leveraging on regional media coverage The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s success attracted a lot of media attention, and thus, media itself did additional branding for the company. Minimum fuel costs It used the hedge the fuel purchases. The operating flights carried the minimum possible fuel, and purchases were made from the locations where the fuel was cheapest. The pilots were trained to use the fuel effectively, as they flew the carrier to optimum height in minimum time, and then follow straight line path to the destination. The weight of the aircraft was also kept to minimum by eliminating unnecessary loads. Low cost terminals The Kuala Lumpur International airport developed in 2005 did not have trappings for any other terminals and were designed to cater to masses. This helped in faster movement of the passengers. Use of technology IT was heavily used for decision making purpose. Analytics and trends were used in determining the prices for the tickets. Entering Thai Market: AirAsia entered the Thai market in 2003 by forming an alliance with Shin Corporation, which was sole controller of Thailandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satellite operator. Tony Fernandes has 49% stake in the deal, along with managerial controls; (50% stake is with Asia Aviation and 1% with AirAsia CEO Tassapon Bijleveld)[3] . The strategy was labeled as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Branchizingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In this system although the main ownership lies with the company with whom the alliance is formed, it pays management fees to AirAsia for using its brand name and systems. This mode of expansion helped AirAsia as it was easier to establish the carrier with local ownership. In addition, it enabled the company to secure air travel freedom from the government. This strategy of branchizing has proved very successful for the company. (See Exhibit 1) The main strategy in Thai markets was to: Dominance on markets: The airline aimed at number one positions on both domestic routes and Indo China routes Optimum route network: the airline planned the most comprehensive routes and increased the frequencies on this route. Expansion in the Thai market: the company leveraged on the Thailand tourist industry. Further, Thailand had open skies arrangement, which helped in adding more destinations in the program.[4] Since 2011, Thai AirAsia has funded its operations independently. The debt up till that time was funded by the revenues from Malaysia. The move has enabled each AirAsia to generate its own cash flow. [5] Entering India: AirAsia India is a joint venture between AirAsia BHD (with 49% stake), Tata Sons (with 30% stake) and Telstra trade place (with 21% stake). The company targets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first time travelersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , as told by Mr. S. Ramadorai, the chairperson of AirAsia India.[6] The airline would operate point-to-point flights majorly from the Tier-II cities of India. The large focus is on southern markets and then later move up gradually.[7] The company has decided to make hubs only in smaller cities as operating costs are lower in these cities. This step would also enable lower fuel tax. The low cost of the carrier would attract first time fliers and the entire families to fly. The point-to-point flight would have relatively smaller haul as well, i.e. around 60-90 minutes. In its statement of intent, it has mentioned that airline is planning to setup line stations in 10 cities across western and southern India[8]. This would imply that the airline is planning to build probable route network in these cities as well. Line stations are locations where pre departures, transit checks and weekly inspections are done. The launch is expected in the month of March or April 2014. The launch would be introduced with dramatically low prices which would attract the customers.[9] To check the rivals, Fernandes has ensured that the company is well capitalized to survive a price war. He has built his business model in such a way that he is able to offer the lowest prices in the market. Any competitor, who would challenge the prices of AirAsia, would hurt itself more.[10] A standard measure of cost of flying a seat full or empty for JetLite is 7.5 cents, SpiceJet 6.4cents and for AirAsia it is 4.4 cents.[11] With high frequency and high turnaround of flights, the company has been able to be cost effective. In India, the company would be operating as a lean organization with 20 employees per aircraft. Promotions: AirAsia India has launched a à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã…“free seatsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  campaign, in which the passengers would be able to travel from 5 Mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 14 to 31 Janà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 15 at a zero base rate fare. The price of the tickets would start at Rs. 500 including taxes.[12] Hiring: The airline is hiring pilots from smaller airlines as, delayed operations has led to lose its pilots to competitors. This was majorly due to lower salary offers. The airlines would now have to train the new pilots to fly their airbuses.[13] General Strategy observed: The company aimed at a growth rate of 25%-30% per annum.[14] In order to achieve this, a lot of diversification was brought in. few examples are: Setting up of in house catering department- snack attack Go Holidays- strategic business unit Buying of hotels As a rule, company starts with minimum of four frequencies to any destination and then increases the frequencies with demand. Exhibit 2 shows the operating statistics of the company from 2001 to 2005. EXHIBITS: Exhibit 1:[15] Exhibit 216 16 The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2010, 197à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"213 [1] https://ajc.sagepub.com/content/2/2/231 [2] https://ajc.sagepub.com/content/3/1/25 [3] The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2010, 197-213 [4] https://www.amchamvietnam.com/394/u-s-and-thailand-sign-open-skies-aviation-agreement-09-sep-05/ [5] Asian Aviation Magazine [6] https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/airasia-india-set-to-begin-with-5-aircraft-in-first-quarter/article5508954.ece [7] https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/airasia-s-india-launch-may-see-further-delay-114011500013_1.html [8] https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/airasia-s-india-launch-may-see-further-delay-114011500013_1.html [9] https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-23/news/46514380_1_telstra-tradeplace-airasia-india-airasia-chief [10] https://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/will-airasia-disrupt-indian-aviation/34859/1 [11] https://forbesindia.com/article/big-b et/will-airasia-disrupt-indian-aviation/34859/2 [12] https://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/airasia-announces-free-seats-campaign-in-india/1/200862.html [13] https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-14/news/46185448_1_airasia-india-pilots-budget-carrier [14] The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2010, 197à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"213 [15] The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2010, 197à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"213

The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships

The face that launched a thousand ships is a well-known figure of speech  and a snippet of 17th-century poetry that refers to Helen of Troy. The poetry of Shakespeares contemporary English playwright Christopher Marlowe is responsible for what is among the most lovely and famous lines in English literature. Was this the face that launched a thousand shipsAnd burnt the topless towers of Illium?Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss... The line comes from Marlowes play The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, published in 1604. In the play, Faustus is an ambitious man, who has decided that necromancy--speaking to the dead--is the only path to the power he seeks. The risk of communing with dead spirits, however, is that raising them can make you their master, or their slave. Faustus, conjuring on his own, makes a deal with the demon Mephistopheles, and one of the spirits Faustus raises is Helen of Troy. Because he cannot resist her, he makes her his paramour  and is damned forever. Helen in the Iliad According to Homers The Iliad, Helen was the wife of the king of Sparta, Menelaus. She was so beautiful that Greek men went to Troy and fought the Trojan War to win her back from her lover Paris. The thousand ships in Marlowes play refer to the Greek army who set sail from Aulis to war with the Trojans and burn down Troy (Greek nameIllium). But the immortality requested results in the curse of Mephistopheles and the damnation of Faustus. Helen had been abducted before she married Menelaus, so Menelaus knew it could happen again. Before Helen of Sparta married Menelaus, all the Greek suitors, and she had had quite a few, swore an oath to aid Menelaus should he ever need their help retrieving his wife. Those suitors or their sons brought their own troops and ships to Troy. The Trojan War may have actually happened. The stories about it, best known from the author known as Homer, say it lasted 10 years. At the end of the Trojan War, the belly of the Trojan Horse (from which we get the expression beware of Greeks bearing gifts) sneakily transported Greeks into Troy where they set fire to the city, killed the Trojan men, and took many of the Trojan women as concubines. Helen of Troy returned to her original husband, Menelaus. Helen as an Icon; Marlowes Play on Words Marlowes phrase is not to be taken literally, of course, its an example of what English scholars call metalepsis, a stylistic flourish that skips from X to Z, bypassing Y: of course, Helens face didnt launch any ships, Marlowe is saying she caused the Trojan War. Today the phrase is most commonly used as a metaphor for beauty and its seductive and destructive force. There have been several books exploring the feminist considerations of Helen and her treacherous beauty, including one well-received novel from historian Bettany Hughes (Helen of Troy: The Story Behind the Most Beautiful Woman in the World). The phrase has also been used to describe women from the first lady of the Phillippines Imelda Marcos (the face that launched a thousand votes) to consumer spokesperson Betty Furness (the face that launched a thousand refrigerators). Youre starting to think Marlowes quote is not entirely friendly, arent you? And youd be right. Fun With Helen Communications scholars such as J.A. DeVito have long used Marlowes phrase to illustrate how the use of stress on a single word of a sentence can change the meaning. Practice the following, stressing the italicized word and youll see what we mean. Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?Is this the face that launched a thousand ships? Finally, says mathematician Ed Barbeau: If a face could launch a thousand ships, what would it take to launch five? Of course, the answer is 0.0005 face. Sources Cahill EJ. 1997. Remembering Betty Furness and Action 4. Advancing the Consumer Interest 9(1):24-26. DeVito JA. 1989. Silence and paralanguage as communication. ETC: A Review of General Semantics 46(2):153-157. Barbeau E. 2001. Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam. The College Mathematics Journal 32(1):48-51. George TJS. 1969. Philippines Chance to Get Moving. Economic and Political Weekly 4(49):1880-1881. Greg WW. 1946. The Damnation of Faustus. The Modern Language Review 41(2):97-107. Hughes, Bettany. Helen of Troy: The Story Behind the Most Beautiful Woman in the World. Paperback, Reprint edition, Vintage, January 9, 2007. Moulton IF. 2005. Review of Wanton Words: Rhetoric and Sexuality in English Renaissance Drama, by Madhavi Menon. The Sixteenth Century Journal 36(3):947-949. Edited by K. Kris Hirst

The Influence of Dantes Inferno Essay - 1380 Words

Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy is an epic poem that begins with the Inferno. The Inferno is an extremely influential part of European literature. The structure of story is for many people a piece of the vision of Hell. Religiously, this poem has had great prevalence. Dante paints a picture of the Hell that is both unsettling and justifiable. A whole world is created through his poem. The levels and intensity of sin is pondered. Crime is put to a level of small to large scale. Those that are intentional and calculated are deemed more heinous than those that are out of passion. There are many reasons why this piece of literature make me think and develops my own ideas of what lies beyond this world. Dante’s Inferno causes†¦show more content†¦The idea of eternal punishment definitely helps to fuel my own religious intent. â€Å"†¦what sort of souls are these you see around you. Now you should know before we go farther on, they have not sinned. But their great worth alone was not enough, for they did not know Baptism,† (Dante 32-35) this quote from the Inferno is troublesome (Dante 32-35). This is from the First Circle of Hell, Limbo, which is not full of sinners. Yet, their souls are considered to be unclean because they were never baptized because of this they are never allowed to see Christ’s face. This is emotionally up heaving for those that do have religion. True Christians have great hope that they will see the face of God. My religion is tested through this because I know sin. Even this fictional depiction of Hell, which helps me to visualize what that place would be like, is mortifying. Will my sin take me to a level of Hell, where I will be tortured throughout eternity? The people of Limbo were simply placed there because they were never baptized. Those in Limbo suffer with their desire, but in life they did no true wrong. This idea that those that do not commit sin still do not see God’s face makes t he question of religion even more imperative. A person can do so little wrong, but from Dante’s perspective have no moral ground to be considered worthy of redemption. This vision of Hell is very captivating in terms of religious questioning. The model of Dante’s vision of hell isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Outside Influences on Dante’s Inferno 832 Words   |  4 PagesAnyone who has read Dante’s Inferno is familiar with a certain main character, Virgil. Who is this Virgil that Dante put in his book and where did Dante get the idea of having Virgil as his guide on Dante’s journey through the spirit world? In addition to Virgil, readers of Inferno are also familiar with concepts and characters such as God, angles, demons, Satan, and Hell. Where did Dante get these concepts? Dante did not come up with these ideas on his own, but used familiar characters and placesRead MoreThe Journey for Love Essay example601 Words   |  3 PagesThe Inferno, the dep ths of hell where all evil rests, is where Dante begins his journey. Dantes journey begins in a wilderness, and at this moment Dantes reasons for his journey become clear. Let us discuss the question as to why Dante goes on this journey through Hell. By doing so we will find the true meaning that Dante enters hell, which is so that he can find himself and most of all to return to his one true love of Beatrice. The first reason begins with Dante himself when he is in theRead MoreDante’s Inferno in Milton ´s Paradise Lost1326 Words   |  6 PagesMany arguments have been made that Dante’s Inferno glimmers through here and there in Milton’s Paradise Lost. 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Beatrice wants to help Dante find God again, but because she is an angelRead MoreLewis And The Silent Planet1326 Words   |  6 PagesOlivia Seeney Dr. Michael Elam ENGL 475 10/4/16 C.S. Lewis and the Influence of Dante in Out of the Silent Planet All throughout Lewis novels there is evidence that clearly connects the themes and symbolism from other aspects of traditional Christian literature both during and before he began writing. One of the most distinct examples of this occurring within Lewis’ works is the influence that Dante had on the concepts that he reflects on while conveying thoughts to his readers. This is specificallyRead MoreThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 Pagesof heartbreak with the influences of other famous poets like Homer and Virgil has affected his writing style, and through reviews by literary experts and their interpretation of Alighieri’s unique use of motifs, The Divine Comedy can be broken down to a epic that expresses a global message of human life. I. To understand The Divine Comedy and its impact, an understanding of Dante Alighieri’s life of tragic love and civil war can assist in unraveling the truth on Dante’s philosophical epic. Alighieri’sRead MoreDantes Voyage Through Hell1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inferno was written by Dante Alighieri around 1314 and depicts the poet’s imaginary journey through Hell. Dante spent his life traveling from court to court both lecturing and writing down his experiences. His Divine Comedy – the three-part epic poem consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso (Hell, Purgatory and Heaven)– is generally regarded as one of the greatest poetic feats ever accomplished. All three parts are incredible literary feats with symbolism so complex and beautiful thatRead More Analysis of Robert Frosts Fire and Ice Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesUpon closer examination of Fire and Ice, I found a distinct   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   parallel that closely mirrors the tale of Dantes Inferno. 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Homosexuality Is Not Understanding Its Origins - 1205 Words

Introduction In a time of social change and modernity, homosexuality has become a more talked about social topic, and it has evolved into its own culture. With growing numbers and heavy legality and morality surrounding it, homosexuality has faced an uphill battle all throughout the world. Part of the â€Å"problem† people see with homosexuality is not understanding its origins. Homosexuality is an unusual trait in the sense that it is not one that you would expect to persist evolutionarily as it does not directly contribute to reproduction, and yet it has persisted for at least thousands of years, tracing back to the ancient Greeks and Romans in recorded history (Verstraete, 1977). Its continued appearance in each successful generation, even though it seems counterintuitive from an evolutionary perspective, provides strong reasoning to suggest some mechanism is helping to maintain it as a trait. Clearly homosexuality is a complex characteristic that involves genetic, cul tural, and environmental factors. Many interpretations of these factors exist, so this paper will piece together the factors of homosexuality to allow for better understanding of how homosexuality has persisted as a genetic trait. Evidence regarding the birth order affect and the maternal stress theory will also be analyzed. The importance of this topic lies in the individuals themselves. Getting to the bottom of this question and showing the genetic factors surrounding homosexuality would illuminate theShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Myth Of Homosexuality By Christine Downing851 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Myth of Homosexuality† by Christine Downing, there is the discussion of homosexuality and its meaning over the years. Downing begins the article by stating how a myth has classified women-on-women and men-on-men relationships to fall under the same term of homosexuality, but there is much deeper understanding to it than that. The classification under one word has caused a lot of shaping concerning how they are viewed or how they view themselves. In order to look past the surface of what definesRead MoreInterview And Reaction Paper : Interviewing Your Parents1345 Words   |  6 Pagesunder consideration, I explored my dad’s opinions on sexual orientation and examined whether my understanding of the origins of one’s beliefs was supported by analyzing his. Since I have a more open relationship with my dad, I interviewed him. We talked about how he grew up as a Baptist in Sedro-Wooley, Washington. His family owned a farm and were devout Baptists. For him, this meant that homosexuality was considered a sin and was not accepted. 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Whether someone is homosexual or heterosexual is thus also considered to be a crucial aspect of who he or she is as a human being. In previous eras, where individuals were married young, and entered into arranged marriages, this was not the case. Although people had same-sex desire, this desire was enjoyed outsideRead MoreThe Church, Homosexuality, And Ministering1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Church, Homosexuality, and Ministering to the LGBT Community As a follower of Christ, there are many issues and injustices that exist in the world today that cause righteous indignation to rise up within me and permeate the chambers of my heart. There’s something about bearing witness to the wrongful treatment of those who cannot (or feel as if they cannot) speak for themselves and who need the love of Jesus the most. As a follower of Christ, and member of the Church, I feel it is our responsibilityRead MoreRudolf K. 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John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure Free Essays

string(111) " to criminal and noncriminal patterns\) not simply through any contact with persons who have violated the law\." Differential Association Theory Differential association theory was Sutherland’s major sociological contribution to criminology; similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual’s social relationships. Sutherland’s theory departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective by attributing the cause of crime to the social context of individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"He rejected biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime. His search for an alternative understanding of crime led to the development of differential association theory. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, differential association theory poses no obvious threats to the humane treatment of those identified as criminals. â€Å"(Gaylord, 1988:1) The principle of differential association asserts that a person becomes delinquent because of an â€Å"excess† of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. In other word, criminal behavior emerges when one is exposed to more social message favoring conduct than prosocial messages (Sutherland, 1947). Sutherland argued that the concept of differential association and differential social organization could be applied to the individual level and to aggregation (or group) level respectively. While differential association theory explains why any individual gravitates toward criminal behavior, differential social organization explains why crime rates of different social entities different from each other’s. The first explicit statement of the theory of differential association appears in the 1939 edition of Principles of Criminology and in the fourth edition of it, he presented his final theory. His theory has 9 basic postulates. 1. Criminal behavior is learned. This means that criminal behavior is not inherited, as such; also the person who is not already trained in crime does not invent criminal behavior. 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. This communication is verbal in many cases but includes gestures. 3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Negatively, this means the impersonal communication, such as movies or newspaper play a relatively unimportant part in committing criminal behavior. 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very simple; (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. 5. The specific direction of the motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. This different context of situation usually is found in US where culture conflict in relation to the legal code exists. 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. This is the principle of differential association. When people become criminal, they do so not only because of contacts with criminal patterns but also because of isolation from anticriminal patterns. Negatively, this means that association which are neutral so far as crime is concerned have little or no effect on the genesis of criminal behavior. . Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. Priority seems to be important principally through its selective influence and intensity has to do with such things as the prestige of the source of a criminal or anticriminal pattern and with emotional reactions related to the association. These modalities would be rated in quantitative form an d mathematical ratio but development of formula in this sense has not been developed and would be very difficult. 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. Negatively, this means that the learning of criminal behavior is not restricted to the process of imitation. A person who is seduced, for instance, learns criminal behavior by association, but this would not be ordinarily described as imitation. 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. Thieves generally steal in order to secure money, but likewise honest laborers work in order to money. The attempts to explain criminal behavior by general drives and values such as the money motive have been, and must completely to be, futile, since they explain lawful behavior as completely as they explain criminal behavior. They are similar to respiration, which is necessary for any behavior, but which does not differentiate criminal from noncriminal behavior. (Sutherland, 1974: 75-76) In summary, he believed that an individual’s associations are determined in a general context of social organization (for instance, family income as a factor of determining residence of family and in many cases, delinquency rate is largely related to the rental value of houses) and thus differential group organization as an explanation of various crime rates is consistent with the differential association theory. (Sutherland, 1974: 77) Much of Sutherland’s theory relied upon the work of Chicago school theorists, Shaw and McKay (1931,1969). According to Shaw and McKay, they found that â€Å"delinquency rates increased as one moved away from the center of the city, and ecological rates of delinquency remained stable over generations despite a complete turnover of ethnic composition and social disorganization explained the high rates of delinquency in the inner-city. † (Matsueda: 1988: 280) As a matter of fact, this statement requires qualification because once you pass through the zone in transition, delinquency rates drop as you move out towards the suburbs. Criticism and Contemporary Views Many criticized Sutherland’s differential association theory; supporters argued that criticism often resulted from misinterpretation of Sutherland’s theory. Donald R. Cressey argued persuasively that many of the critiques were simply â€Å"literary errors† or misinterpretation on the part of the critics. For example, the theory was judged by critics to be invalid because not everyone who had come into contact with criminals became criminal as a result. This misinterprets the theory’s proposition that criminal behavior is learned through differential association (relative exposure to criminal and noncriminal patterns) not simply through any contact with persons who have violated the law. You read "John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure" in category "Essay examples" (Akers: 1996:229) However, Cressey also pointed out two major weaknesses of Sutherland’s theory. the first problem was that the concept of â€Å"definitions† in the theory was not precisely defined, and the statement did not give good guidance on how to operationalize the ratio or â€Å"excess of definitions† favorable to criminal behavior over definitions unfavorable to criminal behavior. The second real problem was that it left the learning process unspecified. There is virtually no clue in Sutherland’s theory as to what in particular would be included in â€Å"all the mechanisms that are involved in any of other learning (Akers: 1996:229-230) Another important criticism argued that Sutherland’s theory is a â€Å"cultural deviance† theory as a way of showing that it made wrong presumptions about human behavior and the role of culture in deviant behavior. Matsueda (1988) believed it â€Å"reduces his (Sutherland’s) theory to a caricature† and Bernard objected to the way in which the cultural deviance label has been applied to the original differential association and social learning revision†(Bernard and Snipes, 1995: Vold and Bernard, 1986: 227-229) But Akers denies this criticism as another misinterpretation of Sutherland’s theory: According to this critique, differential association/social learning theory rests on th e assumption that socialization is completely successful and that cultural variability is unlimited, cannot explain individual differences in deviance within the same group and applies only to group differences, has no way of explaining violation of norms to which the individual subscribes, and proposes culture as the single cause of crime. I conclude that the usual attribution of cultural deviance assumptions and explanation to differential association is based on misinterpretations. (Akers: 1996:229) Merton Theory Like many sociological theories of crime, Robert Merton’s strain/anomie theory has advanced following the work of Emile Durkheim. In Merton’s theory anomie is very similar to the very meaning of the word strain, as he proposed anomie to be a situation in which societies inadvertently bring to bear pressure, or strain, on individuals that can lead to rule-breaking behavior. This pressure, or strain if you will, is caused by the discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals. To illustrate this Merton argues that the dominant cultural goal in the U. S is the acquisition of wealth, as a message was depicted that happiness often equated with material success which is often associated with wealth. The socially accepted institutionalized manner of achieving these material goals was believed to be hard work and education, meaning it is widely believed that people who apply themselves to study and work will succeed financially and that those who do not succeed are labeled as either lazy or defective. According to Merton, the problem with this type of society is that the legitimate means for achieving material success are not uniformly distributed. In other words, those from wealthier backgrounds have considerably more access to legitimate means than do those who are economically disadvantaged. As a consequence, anomie, or strain, is generated and produces certain ‘modes of adaptation’, or (simply put) coping strategies, that the disadvantaged use to deal with the pressures that are brought to bear on them. Merton identifies five modes of adaptation: conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion. According to Merton, the innovator is the most likely to engage in criminal behavior, as the innovator accepts the socially recognized goals of society, but reject the legitimate means to achieve these goals. Consequently, the innovator uses proceeds from crimes such as fraud, theft, and illegal drug dealing to access culturally defined goals. Critique of Strain/Anomie theory Although Merton’s Strain theory continues to play a role in the sociological theorization of crime today, there are limitations to this theory of crime that have been identified. The first critique of this theory, put forth by Albert Cohen, addressed the fact that there is an ample amount of crime/delinquent behavior that is â€Å"non-utilitarian, malicious, and negativistic† (O’Grady, 2011), which highlights that not all crimes are explicable using Merton’s theory. Although Merton could explain crimes such as fraud and theft on the basis of innovation, he is unable to explain youth crimes that are often engaged in for social status rather than material acquisition. Furthermore, Strain/Anomie theory fails to adequately address issues such as race and gender. Additionally, Strain/Anomie theory is unable to explain the phenomena of white collar crime. [edit] Robert DubinRobert Dubin (1959) viewed deviance as a function of society, disputing the assumption that the deviant adaptations to situations of anomie are necessarily harmful to society. For example, an individual in the ritualistic adaptation is still playing by the rules and taking part in society. The only deviance lies in abandoning one or more of its culturally prescribed goals. Dubin argued that Merton’s focus on the relationship between society’s emphasized goals, and institutionalized prescribed means was inadequate. Dubin felt that a further distinction should be made between cultural goals, institutional means and institutional norms because individuals perceive norms subjectively, interpreting them and acting upon them differently. The personal educational experiences, values, and attitudes may predispose an individual to internalize a norm one way. Another individual with different experiences may legitimately internalize the same norm differently. Both may be acting rationally in their own terms, but the resulting behaviour is different. Dubin also extended Merton’s typology to fourteen, with particular interest in Innovation and Ritualism. Merton proposed that the innovative response to strain was accepting the goal, but rejecting the institutionally prescribed means of achieving the goal. The implication seemed to be that that not only did the individual reject the means, he must actively innovate illegitimate means as a substitute which would not always be true. Dubin also thought that a distinction should be made between the actual behaviour of the actor and the values that drove the behaviour. Instead of Innovation, Dubin proposed Behavioural Innovation and Value Innovation. Similarly, in Ritualism, he proposed Behavioural Ritualism and Value Ritualism (Dubin, 1959: 147-149). Merton (1959: 177-189) commented on Dubin’s revisions, claiming that although Dubin did make valid contributions, they took the focus off deviancy. [edit] Robert AgnewIn 1992, Robert Agnew asserted that strain theory could be central in explaining crime and deviance, but that it needed revision so that it was not tied to social class or cultural variables, but re-focused on norms. To this end, Agnew proposed a general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal but rather individual and emotional, paying especial attention to an individual’s immediate social environment. He argued that an individual’s actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals, actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli, and actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all result in strain. Anger and frustration confirm negative relationships. The resulting behavior patterns will often be characterized by more than their share of unilateral action because an individual will have a natural desire to avoid unpleasant rejections, and these unilateral actions (especially when antisocial) will further contribute to an individual’s alienation from society. If particular rejections are generalized into feelings that the environment is unsupportive, more strongly negative emotions may motivate the individual to engage in crime. This is most likely to be true for younger individuals, and Agnew suggested that research focus on the magnitude, recency, duration, and clustering of such strain-related events to determine whether a person copes with strain in a criminal or conforming manner. Temperament, intelligence, interpersonal skills, self-efficacy, the presence of conventional social support, and the absence of association with antisocial (e. g. , criminally inclined) age and status peers are chief among the factors Agnew identified as beneficial. [edit] Akers’ operationalization of Agnew’s theory: Sources of strainAkers (2000: 159) has operationalized Agnew’s version of the Strain Theory, as follows: Failure to achieve positively valued goals: he gap between expectations and actual achievements will derive from short- and long-term personal goals, and some of those goals will never be realized because of unavoidable circumstances including both inherent weaknesses and opportunities bloc ked by others; and the difference between the view of what a person believes the outcome should be and what actually results increases personal disappointment. Frustration is not necessarily due to any outside interference with valued goals, but a direct effect on anger, and has indirect effects on serious crime and aggression. Agnew and White (1992) have produced empirical evidence suggesting that general strain theory was positively able to relate delinquents and drug users, and that the strongest effect on the delinquents studied was the delinquency of their peers. They were interested in drug use because it did not appear to represent an attempt to direct anger or escape pain, but â€Å"is used primarily to manage the negative affect caused by strain. † Up to this point, strain theory had been concerned with types of strain rather than sources of strain whereas the stress of events can be shown to interfere with the achievement of natural expectations or just and fair outcomes. These may be significant events or minor â€Å"hassles† that accumulate and demoralize over time. Frustration leads to dissatisfaction, resentment, and anger — all the emotions customarily associated with strain in criminology. It is natural for individuals to feel distress when they are denied just rewards for their efforts when compared to the efforts and rewards given to similar others for similar outcomes. Agnew (1992) treats anger as the most critical emotion since it is almost always directed outwards and is often related to breakdowns in relationships. Research shows that the stress/crime relationship appears to hold regardless of guilt feelings, age, and capacity to cope when events occur simultaneously or in close succession. [edit] Zhang JieThe strain theory of suicide postulates that suicide is usually preceded by psychological strains. A psychological strain is formed by at least two stresses or pressures, pushing the individual to different directions. A strain can be a consequence of any of the four conflicts: differential values, discrepancy between aspiration and reality, relative deprivation, and lack of coping skills for a crisis. Psychological strains in the form of all the four sources have been tested and supported with a sample of suicide notes in the United States and in rural China through psychological autopsy studies. The strain theory of suicide forms a challenge to the psychiatric model popular among the suicidologists in the world. The strain theory of suicide is based on the theoretical frameworks established by previous sociologists, e. g. Durkheim (1951), Merton (1957), and Agnew (2006), and preliminary tests have been accomplished with some American (Zhang and Lester 2008) and Chinese data (Zhang 2010; Zhang, Dong, Delprino, and Zhou 2009; Zhang, Wieczorek, Conwell, and Tu 2011). There could be four types of strain that precede a suicide, and each can be derived from specific sources. A source of strain must consist of two, and at least two, conflicting social facts. If the two social facts are non-contradictory, there would be no strain. Strain Source 1: Differential Values When two conflicting social values or beliefs are competing in an individual’s daily life, the person experiences value strain. The two conflicting social facts are competing personal beliefs internalized in the person’s value system. A cult member may experience strain if the mainstream culture and the cult religion are both considered important in the cult member’s daily life. Other examples include the second generation of immigrants in the United States who have to abide by the ethnic culture rules enforced in the family while simultaneously adapting to the American culture with peers and school. In China, rural young women appreciate gender egalitarianism advocated by the communist government, but at the same time, they are trapped in cultural sexual discrimination as traditionally cultivated by Confucianism. Another example that might be found in developing countries is the differential values of traditional collectivism and modern individualism. When the two conflicting values are taken as equally important in a person’s daily life, the person experiences great strain. When one value is more important than the other, there is then little or no strain. Strain Source 2: Reality vs. Aspiration If there is a discrepancy between an individual’s aspiration or a high goal and the reality the person has to live with, the person experiences aspiration strain. The two conflicting social facts are one’s splendid ideal or goal and the reality that may prevent one from achieving it. An individual living in the United States expects to be very rich or at least moderately successful as other Americans do, but in reality the means to achieve the goal is not equally available to the person because of his/her social status or any other reasons. Aspirations or goals can be a college a person aims to get in, an ideal girl a boy wants to marry, and a political cause a person strives for, etc. If the reality is far from the aspiration, the person experiences strain. Another example might be from rural China. A young woman aspiring to equal opportunity and equal treatment may have to live within the traditional and Confucian reality, exemplified by her family and village, which interferes with that goal. The larger the discrepancy between aspiration and reality, the greater the strain will be. Strain Source 3: Relative Deprivation In the situation where an extremely economically poor individual realizes some other people of the same or similar background are leading a much better life, the person experiences deprivation strain. The two conflicting social facts are one’s own miserable life and the perceived richness of comparative others. A person living in absolute poverty, where there is no comparison with others, does not necessarily feel bad, miserable, or deprived. On the other hand, if the same poor person understands that other people like him/her live a better life, he or she may feel deprived because of these circumstances. In an economically polarized society where the rich and poor live geographically close to each other, people are more likely to feel this discrepancy. In today’s rural China, television, newspaper, magazines, and radio have brought home to rural youths how relatively affluent urban life is. Additionally, those young people who went to work in the cities (dagong) and returned to the village during holidays with luxury materials and exciting stories make the relative deprivation even more realistically perceived. Increased perception of deprivation indicates relatively greater strain for individuals. Strain Source 4: Deficient Coping Facing a life crisis, some individuals are not able to cope with it, and then they experience coping strain. The two conflicting social facts are life crisis and the appropriate coping capacity. All people who have experienced crises do not experience strain. A crisis may be a pressure or stress in daily life, and those individuals who are not able to cope with the crisis have strain. Such crises as loss of money, loss of status, loss of face, divorce, death of a loved one, etc. may lead to serious strain in the person who does not know how to cope with these negative life events. A high school boy who is constantly bullied and ridiculed by peers may experience great strain if he does not know how to deal with the situation. Likewise, a Chinese rural young woman who is frequently wronged by her mother-in-law may have strain if she is not psychologically ready to cope with a different situation by seeking support from other family members and the village. The less capable the coping skills, the stronger the strain when a crisis takes place. [edit] ReferencesO’Grady W. (2011). â€Å"Crime in Canadian Context. † Strain/anomie theory 92-94 Agnew, R. (1992). â€Å"Foundation for a General Strain Theory. † Criminology 30(1), 47-87 Agnew, R. White, H. (1992). â€Å"An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory. † Criminology 30(4): 475-99. Agnew, R. (1997). â€Å"The Nature and Determinants of Strain: Another Look at Durkheim and Merton. † Pp. 7-51 in The Future of Anomie Theory, edited by R. Agnew and N. Passas. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Agnew, R. (2009). â€Å"Revitalizing Merton: General Strain Theory. † Advances in Criminological Theory: The Origins of Am erican Criminology, Volume 16, edited by F. T. 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Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID, 6/1/88 Revision). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute. Zhang, Jie. 2010. â€Å"Marriage and Suicide among Chinese Rural Young Women. † Social Forces 89:311-326. Zhang, Jie, Nini Dong, Robert Delprino, and Li Zhou. 2009. Psychological Strains Found From In-Depth Interviews With 105 Chinese Rural Youth Suicides. † Archives of Suicide Research 13:185 – 194. Zhang, Jie and Shenghua Jin. 1998. â€Å"Interpersonal relations and suicide ideation in China. † Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 124:79-94. Zhang, Jie and David Lester. 2008. â€Å"Psychological Tensions Found in Suicide Notes: A Test for the Strain Theory of Suicide. † Archives of Suicide Research 12:67-73. Zhang, Jie, William F. Wieczorek, Yeates Conwell, and Xin Ming Tu. 2011. â€Å"Psychological strains and youth suicide in rural China. † Social Science Medicine 72:2003-2010. Zhang, Jie. 2000. â€Å"Gender differences in athletic performance and their How to cite John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure, Essay examples